Sixteen words that do all the heavy lifting in computer literacy, in plain English, exactly as the book defines them.
RAMRandom Access Memory — the computer's short-term working space, like counter space in a kitchen. Temporary, and it clears when the machine shuts down. Not the same thing as storage.
StorageThe long-term filing cabinet where files stay after shutdown. Storage keeps things; RAM only works on them.
PacketA small labeled chunk of data. Messages are chopped into packets that can travel different routes and be reassembled at the far end — which is why the internet survives broken cables.
DNSThe Domain Name System, the internet's phone book. You type a name, it returns the number. When DNS fails your connection can be fine while no site will load.
IP addressA numerical address identifying a device on a network, such as 192.168.1.25. Names are for people; addresses are for networks.
RouterThe traffic director. At home it lets many devices share one connection; out on the internet, routers decide which way to send your packets next.
ModemThe translator between your home and your internet provider. The router directs traffic; the modem speaks the provider's dialect.
ServerA computer built to serve many people at once rather than one person at a screen. The cloud is not up — it is away, on servers in a data center.
SSIDThe name of a wireless network — the label on the front door. A name is not security. A scammer can copy a coffee shop's network name exactly.
File extensionThe letters after the period in a filename, such as .pdf or .docx, telling the computer what kind of file it is. Renaming an extension changes the label, never the file.
EncryptionScrambling information so anyone intercepting it sees nonsense. A padlock means the conversation is private, not that the other party is honest.
PhishingA fake message built to make you log in, pay, or hand something over. The criminal does not want to break your password — they want you to type it on a page they control.
Credential stuffingTaking passwords stolen in one breach and trying them everywhere else. It works because so many people reuse a single password.
Two-factor authenticationA second proof beyond the password, such as a rotating code from an authenticator app. Even a stolen password will not get someone in.
PassphraseA long password made of several words you can picture. Fourteen to twenty characters or more, and never built from facts a stranger could look up.
MalwareHarmful software arriving by link, attachment, download, or fake update. It can spy, steal passwords, or hold your files for ransom.